The bond between mother and child is never stronger than before birth, which makes the perinatal period critical for ensuring the health of both bodies. Without prenatal screening, both mothers and newborns are at risk of congenital infections and congenital diseases which may go undetected until such a point that significant symptoms become apparent.
The vertical transmission of pathogens from mother to foetus during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding can result in complex, infectious, congenital diseases including HIV, hepatitis B, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and syphilis affecting the newborn perinatally.
Though acknowledged to be a significant factor in child mortality in low and middle-income countries, congenital infections remain prevalent in first world countries to this day.